Briefly, it looks like this:
(1) you get a K-1 visa, come to the U.S., marry your petitioner within 90 days.
(2) you apply for adjustment of status (aka green card). Waiting for a green card currently could be anywhere from 4 months to 3 years.
(3) you become a permanent resident (when you get either conditional OR permanent green card);
(4) if your first green card is conditional (a green card was approved within two years from the date of marriage), then within 90-day period before the card’s expiration date, you must file a petition to remove conditions on residence. Currently, wait time for this step is approximately 16 to 24 months.
(5) if you are still married to a US citizen spouse, you can apply for the U.S. citizenship through naturalization three (3) years after getting your first green card. If separated or divorced, you can apply after five (5) years.